The Ghost in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- GCSE English Literature Cou

The Ghost in Hamlet   â In Hamlet Shakespeare has structured an otherworldly, ethereal character who comes up short on a physical presence, but then who is a partaking character in the show. It is the Ghost, the subject of this article.  Marchette Chute in â€Å"The Story Told in Hamlet† portrays the ghost’s action preceding the initial scene of Shakespeare’s disaster:  The story opens exposed and dull of a winter night in Denmark, while the watchman is being changed on the bulwarks of the illustrious stronghold of Elsinore. For two evenings in progression, similarly as the ringer strikes the hour of one, an apparition has showed up on the escarpments, a figure wearing total protection and with a face like that of the dead ruler of Denmark, Hamlet’s father. A youngster named Horatio, who is a school companion of Hamlet, has been recounted the nebulous vision and can barely handle it, and one of the officials has brought him there in the night so he can see it for himself. The hour comes, and the apparition strolls. The awed Horatio attempts to address it however it follows away, leaving the three men to ask why the covered lord has caused issues down the road for the land. [. . .] Whatever the message is that has aroused the phantom, it will not impart it to them. (35)  As Chute demonstrates, the Ghost shows up even before the play has opened. Before all else scene of Hamlet, Marcellus, Barnardo and Horatio see the Ghost and play with it with an end goal to provoke it to speak with them. Horatio and Marcellus leave the defenses of Elsinore aiming to enroll the guide of Hamlet, who is crestfallen by the â€Å"o’erhasty marriage† to Hamlet I’s spouse under two month’s after the memorial service of Hamlet’s father (Gordon 128). There is a post-crowning ritual social gatheri... ... Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Republish from Shakespeare’s Women. N.p.: n.p., 1981.  Rosenberg, Marvin. â€Å"Laertes: An Impulsive yet Earnest Young Aristocrat.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Wear Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Masks of Hamlet. Newark, NJ: Univ. of Delaware Press, 1992.  Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/villa/full.html  West, Rebecca. â€Å"A Court and World Infected by the Disease of Corruption.† Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Wear Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. from The Court and the Castle. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1957.  Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.

Apples Competition Strategy in a Global Market

Question: Examine about theApples Competition Strategy in a Global Market. Answer: Presentation Thre are an assortment of methodologies that organizations embrace to stay serious in a Global market. Apple incorporates item blend, item includes, notoriety just as connections to different firms to achieve a high situating in contrast with its rivals. The foundation of a notoriety for being a creative organization on account of Apple was because of offering a choice of simple to utilize items that manage a wide scope of sections. Since the presentation of the first iPhone just as different items, the organization has obtained an ever-developing number of devotees due to the companys capacity to offer items that are inventive and simple to use in the midst of fast innovative progressions. This paper tries to recognize manners by which the organization has deliberately situated itself to get to the specialty showcase just as the effect of Strategic coalitions to the firm. Apples Unique Differentiation Strategy Item separation has financial worth particularly for ventures working in a monopolistic rivalry. The key financial incentive concerning item separation happens because of decreased ecological dangers. Item separation costs go about as a passage obstruction hence diminishing the new participants danger (Johnson, 2012). Strikingly, a firm needs to manage the expense of business standard just as the expenses related with defeating separation natural in the officeholder. Because of the specific idea of organizations seeking after business sectors that are specialty, there is little danger of competition among the business players. Apple endeavors to pick up showcase interest for every one of its items by means of item separation. In a perfect world, this involves making the companys items alluring and remarkable to the clients. Apples items are intended to set the gauges contrasted with different rivals in a similar industry (MEYER, 2016). Regardless of high rivalry, Apples items remain exceptionally requested along these lines giving the firm capacity to manage costs by means of creative publicizing, item separation, new item publicity, just as guarantee brand devotion. By focusing on a specialty market of a customer base ready to pay more just as upkeep of a superior cost at the unit volume cost, the organization set a counterfeit passage hindrance confining section into the specific market. This has seen the organization develop its piece of the overall industry in the United States and China as well as over the globe. Apples Vertical Integration Strategy Apple has an upper hand because of vertical incorporation as it controls fabricating, makes its chips, works in a biological system that is about shut containing restrictive retail locations, just as observing very exacting measures of programming. Because of these favorable circumstances, Apple has more control of the companys esteem chain just as its segment costs. Apple has one of the most addictive, mainstream, just as firmly joined biological systems of the considerable number of organizations in the innovation industry(Nasr, 2014). The product and gadgets created by Apple are intended to work proficiently with one another and match up easily making media and inclinations simple to duplicate or offer with various gadgets. Applications chip away at various gadgets simultaneously and UIs are comparative. A firm endeavors to make technique characteristic for its activity a supported upper hand. Basically, for this to occur, the system of item separation that is financially significant should likewise be hard to mirror, uncommon, and the association must have the assets to adventure such a strategy(Nielsen, 2014). In situations where there are less organizations separating than the quantity of organizations vital for flawless rivalry elements, such a methodology is uncommon. Cases where there is no immediate, simple duplication or simple substitutes, at that point such a system is hard to mirror. Tim Cook echoes those of Steve Jobs whose procedures included four columns which included contribution few items, making a radiance impact; in this manner causing the clients to starve for new items, offering need to benefit instead of piece of the pie and concentrating on top of the line quality products(Nielsen, 2014). The organization sells its items just as outsider items legitimately to clients and little and medium Businesses by means of the companys online stores, direct deals power and retail locations. The organizations flexibly chain is adored as extraordinary compared to other along these lines arriving at a worldwide market while they are still high sought after. Significance of Strategic Alliances for Apple Company In a basic audit of past choices, proof proposes that there is monetary incentive in vital partnerships. Before, Apple had the chance to share cost and oversee chance, encourage inferred plots, just as oversee vulnerability through Strategic unions with key innovative firms. Vital collusions stay a substantial wellspring of monetary incentive in an industry described by systems administration (Johnson, 2012). Overseeing vulnerability, sharing expenses, just as overseeing dangers are generally wellsprings of financial worth comparable in all enterprises. Indeed, specialists have voiced solid certainty to Alliances working with insights demonstrating the organizations with that progressively joint endeavors across organization activities had higher market esteem (Johnson, 2012). Be that as it may, Apple ought to have recognized the centrality of key partnerships prior. Associations that are growing or going into new markets limit their introduction to political and showcase hazard by taking part in key unions with different firms in their objective market. Prominently, this is on the grounds that neighborhood associations have understanding just as a comprehension of the nearby laws, social just as customs atmosphere in the objective market. Such associations work proficiently in situations where the accomplices portfolios praise with one another (Yeung, 2016). When masterminding vital partnerships, it is essential that an organization thinks about whether such collusions are value or non-value. Prominently, a non-value partnership between organizations ought to have unequivocal legitimate and agreements assents to encourage business activities. There are numerous advantages related with Strategic unions. Different advantages incorporate RD assets and IP rights, getting to new advances, improving the progression of materials and lifecycle of items, broadening administrations and items, decrease of overhead and regulatory expenses, just as making tasks agiler. There are various articles in regards to the cons and professionals of vital partnerships. In any case, a decent point of view stays essential. Quite, organizations with promoting and assembling unions, increasingly joint endeavors, just as different types of joint endeavors have fundamentally higher market esteems in contrast with organizations without any types of associations. All things considered, organizations working in the mechanical enterprises require such dares to expand its value(Masi, 2009). In a perfect world, during a time of network just as the associated economy, having joint endeavors with different organizations particularly in a similar industry as t he firm altogether lessens dangers emerging from section into an unsure market with existing players. On account of Apple, the organization has in the past evaded key unions A specific models it where the organization would not permit its working framework, the Mac OS for dispersion. The companys procedures were insufficient, having neglected to permit the Mac OS to a Third gathering Manufacturing firm that would have seen the Operating framework being utilized on any PC separated from their own. As per Steve Wozniak, prime supporter of Apple, the organization was an equipment organization with the best working framework in the market. Be that as it may, Apple organization accumulated its working framework wherein case, to gain the product, one needed to buy the equipment at practically twofold the value (Johnson, 2012). Regardless of the way that Apple had the best working framework at that point, the expense of its items made it profoundly ugly to by far most of demographic and its capacity to increases a wide market infiltration. Then again, if Apple had authorized the working fra mework, today, the organization would have been the greatest mechanical organization in the business outperforming Microsoft. End Taking everything into account Apples Unique separation procedure and premium evaluating of its items have assumed a major job in making a wide market for its items. Being at the front line of advancing quality and trendsetting items empowers the items to build up their market base. The impression of prevalence of Apple items due over their evaluating and quality combined with the advancement of a selective eco-framework permits the organization to remain profoundly situated in the brains of its clients in contrast with contenders. Concerning vital collusions, Apple understands that vital coalitions in numerous viewpoints gives the organization a more grounded base for advancement just as become productive in its tasks. While the organization didn't promptly acknowledge coalitions, first and foremost, Apple has come to welcome the points of interest related with key unions. References Johnson,K. (2012).The Innovative Success that is Apple, Inc(Master's postulation, Marshall University ). Recovered from https://mds.marshall.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1420context=etd Maiga,E. (2016). Contextual investigation on Apple's Business Strategies. Recovered from https://unt.academia.edu/ElKoubouraMaiga Masi, B. (2009). Key Analysis of Apple Inc.Capstone Strategy Course (MGT440), Professor Linda Cohen, Barney School of Business, University of Hartford. MEYER,P. (2016). Apples Generic Strategy Intensive Growth Strategies - Panmore Institute. Recovered from https://panmore.com/apple-inc-conventional methodology serious development methodologies Nasr,R. (2014). Apple's victory achievement in China: What it did well, and what US organizations can gain from it. Recovered from https://www.cnbc.com

Bands in Town

Bands in Town Hey all, Okay, so I’m from Evanston, Illinois, which is fairly close to Chicago. I’m used to having access to the city, which means an abundance of eventsâ€"especially art and small band shows. Now, this may sound very hipster cliche, but Ive experienced a withdrawal coming to the universityâ€"but only because I wasn’t looking for art and band shows in the right places. If you are like me and love going to shows on the weekend, magical apps exist to help you find the events that interest you but arent exactly advertised. 1. Bandsintown Bandsintown is a free app that lets you know who’s going to be in your area, and they base their list  off the artists you follow or have  manually searched. The app also helps you find new artists similar to the artists you like. For an addict like me, this means even more band shows! 2. Facebook This probably isn’t news to anyone else, but I’ve recently started using Facebook as a way to find new events like crazy. I basically only  log on to change my profile photo and find new events. Other than using  these two apps in my life, I also check the pole right in front of the Union. Its covered in flyers for upcoming music and events.  Also, if you’re ever in the Art and Design Building, the bulletin boards include  flyers of band and art shows coming up. Indyia Class of 2019 I’m an Art Foundation student in the College of Fine and Applied Arts, and after Art Foundation I plan on majoring in Art Education. With my degree and teaching certificate, I want to teach children how to use their emotions, thoughts, and surroundings to create art.

No Lovers Left Alive By Jim Jarmusch - 872 Words

s we have explored vampires from Bram Stoker s Dracula to modern interpretations of the vampire mythos reflecting the historical moment of the film as well as changing ideas about what it means to be a vampire. The final film, Only Lovers Left Alive directed and written by Jim Jarmusch contributes to the vampire mythos by providing the only plot viewed that takes place long after the two became vampires and also echoes themes found in previously viewed films such as the struggle vampires have with adjusting to a rapidly changing world while they often find themselves clinging to old ways once seen as normal during their time. Only Lovers Left alive normalized vampirism as part of the characters identity without allowing their separation from the human species to define them absolutely, the focus was less on the fact that the main characters were vampires and more on the hardships those characters endured. Traditionally, vampire films have featured vampirism itself as a separation from the human condition that defined and dictated every action of the young and senior vampire. Interview with the Vampire: The Vampire Chronicles directed by Neil Jordan was one such film that allowed vampirism to define every character and featured virtually nothing else other than the essential acts of being a vampire such as feeding. Only Lovers Left Alive moved away from this traditional theme found in modern vampire films such as Interview with the Vampire in favor of

Natural Law Theory, Positivism, And The Fugitive Slave Law

Since the spoken word, hundreds of philosophers have defined law in different ways. Philosophy allows people to study the nature of people’s beliefs which can differ over time. Not even the law is exempt from the opinions of philosophers. Seeing law in different ways allows people to come to different conclusions about legal cases. The Fugitive Slave Law was a controversial law in American history, which allowed slave-owners to capture their slaves who have fled north to free states. Once, jurors tried a group of emancipators in Boston for helping an escaped slave flee to Canada. These emancipators challenged the Fugitive Slave Law in United States v Morris. According to the Fugitive Slave Law, helping an escaped slave is in violation†¦show more content†¦If a law is not moral, thus it is not a law. Aquinas thinks this for there must be a moral reason to follow a law. Thus, if a law does not have any moral reason for a person to follow the law, the law is unjust. Ac cording to Aquinas, a sanction (a punishment) would not be a good enough reason to follow an unjust law. The Fugitive Slave Law goes against the laws of nature. Humans have their own free will and the law of nature never permits one human to claim another human. People are not property and have their own free will. Obviously, morality says people are not possessions. One cannot approach a person and say, â€Å"I own you.† It is not morally justifiable. To Aquinas the Fugitive Slave Law is not a real law for the sake that the law does not follow morality. At the time of the Fugitive Slave Law, people knew slavery was wrong; so, the jurors in Morris did conduct appropriately. As stated before, natural law theory states a law requires morality. The jurors let the emancipators free since the Fugitive Slave Law was against morality and natural law. The jurors did the morally suitable thing through the lens of natural law theory since they were doing what morality said.†¨ Positivism, another attempt to answer what the law is, leads to a similar outcome as the Natural Law theory which was that the jurors in Morris did the right thing. John Austin discusses positivism in his book â€Å"The Province of Jurisprudence Determined.† First, Austin definesShow MoreRelatedThe Nature Of People s Beliefs1660 Words   |  7 Pageseven the ideas of the law are exempt from this occurrence. Since the spoken word, hundreds of philosophers have defined law in different ways. Seeing law in different ways people can come to different conclusions about specific cases. The Fugitive Slave Law was a controversial law in American history. The Fugitive Slave Law allowed slave-owners to capture their slaves who have fled North to free states. In United States v Morris, the emancipators challenged the Fugitive Slave Law in Boston. A groupRead MoreThe Nature Of Peoples Beliefs2365 Words   |  10 Pageseven the ideas of the law are exempt from this occurrence. Sinc e the spoken word, hundreds of philosophers have defined law in different ways. Seeing law in different ways people can come to different conclusions about specific cases. The Fugitive Slave Law was a controversial law in American history. The Fugitive Slave Law allowed slave-owners to capture their slaves who have fled north to free states. In United States v Morris, the emancipators challenged the Fugitive Slave Law in Boston. A groupRead MoreThe Case Against The Fugitive Slave Law2396 Words   |  10 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the spoken word, hundreds of philosophers have defined law in different ways. Philosophy allows people to study the nature of people’s beliefs which can differ over time. Not even laws are exempt from the opinions of philosophers. Seeing law in different ways allows people to come to different conclusions about legal cases. The Fugitive Slave Law was a controversial law in American history which allowed slave-owners to capture their slaves who have fled north to free states. Once, a group of emancipatorsRead MoreMoral Conflict Within The United States Constitution1499 Words   |  6 Pagesrunaway slave in the state of Indiana so close to freedom yet faced with the impending possibility of being returned back to servitude stands before me in the Court. As a moral human being, I want nothing more than to ignore the law and allow the runaway to live out his days as a free man. But as a judge dedicated to serving my country through the Court, I cannot ignore that the law is binding and that the Fugitive Slave clause of the federal Constitution urges me to sentence the runaway slave to returnRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pages. Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work

Art 100 Paper Free Essays

Corrine Roe 1,012 words Art 100 4/8/12 Aesthetics Learning Object The first two pictures that are being compared are Shirin Neshatb â€Å"Allegience with Wakefulness† 1994 and Jasper Johns â€Å"Three Flags† 1958. In the â€Å"Allegience with Wakefulness† is instrumentalist. It is instrumentalist because it is the writing on this person’s feet is not English and there is a gun between the person’s feet. We will write a custom essay sample on Art 100 Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now This might be taken as things that are different from what we are used to be taken as threat. American people in general have a closed minded way of looking at things. The other aesthetic perspective for this art piece that are noted is linguistic. Linguistic are has symbols as well and the gun could also be seen as a symbol. It has words written in it too specifically on the feet. This artistic piece is powerful because it can have so many meanings to it and can mean many things to many different people. â€Å"Three Flags† is a linguistic painting. It is obvious that this is a linguistic painting because it is the American flag. The American flag is tied strongly to American culture. It is a symbol of our freedom. Imitationist is the next aesthetic perspective that is seen in this paper, obviously because it looks just like the American flag. The American flag looks like it is popping of the page because of the way they get smaller as they move forward. Both of these art pieces have a strong message behind them. The first one, â€Å"Allegience with Wakefulness† has a language in it that most Americans would not be able to understand. It also has a gun which could mean a lot of different things in this particular picture. The second picture â€Å"Three Flags† is pretty much the opposite of that. It is very recognizable for everyone in the American culture. It stands for freedom our freedom. The next two paintings that are compared are â€Å"Mystic Package† by Claudio Bravo in 1967 and â€Å"Rabbit† by Jeff Koons in 1986. The â€Å"Mystic Package† is an imitationist piece of art. It is imitationist because it looks like a regular package that could see pretty much anywhere. This art piece could also be known as linguistic. It is a linguistic aesthetic because it has strong social ties to our everyday lives. Most people get gifts in packages or important thing they have ordered or thing they bought just for fun. We usually associate a package with a good thing. The â€Å"Mystic Package† has a special hyper-realistic quality about it that makes look like it is an actual package. â€Å"Rabbit† is formalist piece of art. It is formalist because it has a modern design. It almost looks robotic and has a futuristic quality about it. The artist pays extra attention to the shape and details like the rabbit’s ears and how the rabbit is holding a carrot. This art piece could also be known as expressionist. When people see rabbits they often think of pets that they have had or think of rabbits hoping threw the forest. People usually have happy feelings when it comes to rabbits and other animals. In the art piece â€Å"Mystic Package† it is something we see all of the time. It’s a common package that we use to ship things. In the â€Å"Rabbit† art piece it is the exact opposite. It is something that we do not normally see. We see rabbits but not in shiny balloon form. It looks like a robot more than anything. That is why it is so futuristic looking. In conclusion art has a lot of different aesthetic perspectives. Art is unique in its own way and makes a different impression on everyone who sees it. Someone may disagree with the aesthetic perspectives that are above but they seem to make the most sense. When you use instrumentalist to describe a piece of art that is used to make people think and have a purpose behind them. Linguistic is art tied to culture and has symbolism. Imitationist art is tied to something that actually exists in everyday life. Formalist art is that focuses on texture, color, shape and modernism. Expressionist evokes feelings. Usually things in the art make you feel happy or sad or mad or something like that. Aesthetic perspectives change with every person. Not everyone feels or thinks the same way we they look at a piece of art. Things mean different things to different people. Like someone from another country would not have such a close tie with the art with the American flag in it. Someone who understands the language written on that persons feel might feel something different when they look at the picture then someone who cannot read it. Being able to understand what is written might help the picture make the picture mean something totally different than what someone else gets out of it. The art with the package might mean something totally different from one person to the other. They might not even understand how some people get what they get out of it. The picture with the shiny rabbit might not seem futuristic to one person like it does for another. One person could totally not even understand how one person sees something from a piece of art. When something is imitationist usually everyone who sees the painting can understand why it is that way. Usually it is something that people commonly see in everyday life, unless someone has not seen that object in their life. People experience different things in their live and that can influence what they see or feel from a piece of art. Sometimes people see something that other people do not understand but that is their perspective and no one can really tell them that they are wrong. It is all about your experiences and no one can tell that what you are seeing is wrong because art is interpreted by the people seeing it. Some people have experienced things that other people have not so they can look at things in different ways than others. How to cite Art 100 Paper, Essay examples

genocide Essay Example

genocide Essay Despite everything, I still believe people are good at heart.These words were immortalized by a 16 year-old Jewish girl named Anne Frank. She wrote these words down in the midst of the most ghastly war in over five millennia- World War 2. This war is especially known for its horrific killings, particularly the massacre of Jews.This episode was nicknamed the Holocaust. It was the systematic, state-sponsored murder of Jews and others by the Nazis during World War II (1939-1945). The Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler wanted to eliminate all Jews as part of his aim to conquer the world; hisfinal solution. By the end of the war, the Nazis had killed about 6 million Jewish men, women, and children-more than two-thirds of the Jews in Europe. In addition to Jews, the Nazis systematically killed millions of other people whom Hitler regarded as racially inferior or politically dangerous. The largest groups included Germans with physical handicaps or mental retardation, the Roma; also know as the Gyps ies, and the Slavs, particularly Poles and Soviet prisoners of war. Nazi victims also included many homosexuals, Jehovahs Witnesses, priests and ministers, members of labor unions, and Communists and other political opponents. Historians estimate that perhaps as many as 12 million people were killed, including the Jews. Many of the Holocaust victims were killed in specially constructed gas chambers, and their bodies were then burned. The word holocaust means ;a sacrificial offering that is completely burned.;No matter what nickname you give to it though, it was Genocide; it was murder at its darkest and most perverse moment. This research report will focus on the reasons this massacre came about, the methods used to kill people, where these killings happened, and the different people involved in it. The Jews had faced persecution long before the Holocaust began. Anti-Semitism (prejudice against Jews) has ex

Functional Education System essays

Functional Education System essays When I accepted the position of Secretary of Education I was asked to design and create an education system that is works. Unfortunately it is my belief that no one person can create a fully functional system of education. The problem with the current educational system is not the teachers, principals, supplies, or budgets [Though the latter two create problems unique to the situation]. The problem with the current education system, and all education systems, proposed or previous, are the students. A handful of unmotivated students, say 5 in a class of 20, can greatly decrease the measure the amount the other 15 motivated students learn in relation to what they are normally able to learn. This decrease is caused by the slow rate at which one of these classes will progress due to the unmotivated students disposition to learn. This unfortunate trait is all too evident in classrooms of America, causing bright students not to fall back in grades, but not to learn to the total extent of their ability. My proposal is not that we need a new teaching system, that classrooms must be structured differently, or that students must be further segregated according to their skills. There is no existing reason that the most advanced I.B. student cannot be placed in a class with the lowest student in Tech Prep and the Tech Prep student be capable of keeping up with the I.B. student if the extra effort is willing to be put forth. It is that students must first have the desire to learn. Until these unmotivated students decide to take responsibility and prepare to learn, there can be no true working education system. In closing I would like to state that this seemingly perfect system of teachers instructing and all the students paying heed and learning is not impossible. Only we are unable of designing the system that can coerce students into being attentive. The students themselves ...

Taiping Rebellion in Qing China

Taiping Rebellion in Qing China The Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864) was a millenarian uprising in southern China that began as a peasant rebellion  and turned into an extremely bloody civil war. It broke out in 1851, a Han Chinese reaction against the Qing Dynasty, which was ethnically Manchu. The rebellion was sparked by a famine in Guangxi Province, and Qing government repression of the resulting peasant protests. A would-be scholar named Hong Xiuquan, from the Hakka minority, had tried for years to pass the exacting imperial civil service examinations  but had failed each time. While suffering from a fever, Hong learned from a vision that he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ  and that he had a mission to rid China of Manchu rule and of Confucian ideas. Hong was influenced by an eccentric Baptist missionary from the United States named Issachar Jacox Roberts. Hong Xiuquans teachings and the famine sparked a January 1851 uprising in Jintian (now called Guiping), which the government quashed. In response, a rebel army of 10,000 men and women marched to Jintian and overran the garrison of Qing troops stationed there; this marks the official start of the Taiping Rebellion. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom To celebrate the victory, Hong Xiuquan announced the formation of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, with himself as king. His followers tied red cloths around their heads. The men also grew out their hair, which had been kept in the queue style as per Qing regulations. Growing long hair was a capital offense under Qing law. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom had other policies that put it at odds with Beijing. It abolished private ownership of property, in an interesting foreshadowing of Maos communist ideology. Also, like the communists, the Taiping Kingdom declared men and women equal  and abolished social classes. However, based on Hongs understanding of Christianity, men and women were kept strictly segregated, and even married couples were prohibited from living together or having sex. This restriction did not apply to Hong himself, of courseas self-proclaimed king, he had a large number of concubines. The Heavenly Kingdom also outlawed foot binding, based its civil service exams on the Bible instead of Confucian texts, used a lunar calendar rather than a solar one, and outlawed vices such as opium, tobacco, alcohol, gambling, and prostitution. The Rebels The Taiping rebels early military success made them quite popular with the peasants of Guangxi, but their efforts to attract support from the middle-class landowners and from Europeans failed. Leadership of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom began to fracture, as well, and Hong Xiuquan went into seclusion. He issued proclamations, mostly of a religious nature, while the Machiavellian rebel general Yang Xiuqing took over military and political operations for the rebellion. Hong Xiuquans followers rose up against Yang in 1856, killing him, his family, and the rebel soldiers loyal to him. The Taiping Rebellion began to fail in 1861  when the rebels proved unable to take Shanghai. A coalition of Qing troops and Chinese soldiers under European officers defended the city, then set out to crush the rebellion in the southern provinces. After three years of bloody fighting, the Qing government had retaken most of the rebel areas. Hong Xiuquan died of food poisoning in June of 1864, leaving his hapless 15-year-old son on the throne. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdoms capital at Nanjing fell the following month after hard urban fighting, and the Qing troops executed the rebel leaders. At its peak, the Taiping Heavenly Army likely fielded approximately 500,000 soldiers, male and female. It initiated the idea of total war - every citizen living within the boundaries of the Heavenly Kingdom was trained to fight, thus civilians on either side could expect no mercy from the opposing army. Both opponents used scorched earth tactics, as well as mass executions. As a result, the Taiping Rebellion was likely the bloodiest war of the nineteenth century, with an estimated 20 - 30 million casualties, mostly civilians. Around 600 entire cities in Guangxi, Anhui, Nanjing, and Guangdong Provinces were wiped from the map. Despite this horrific outcome, and the founders millennial Christian inspiration, the Taiping Rebellion proved motivational for Mao Zedongs Red Army during the Chinese Civil War the following century. The Jintian Uprising that started it all has a prominent place on the Monument to the Peoples Heroes that stands today in Tiananmen Square, central Beijing.

4G Wireless Networks Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

4G Wireless Networks - Research Paper Example In 2001 a new technology was launched in Japan by the name of 3G which stands for third generation telecommunication. In mid 2010 the networks which were widely used for wireless transporters in U.S. were 3G. 3G networks are considered as a noteworthy development over 2G arrangements as they offer high speeds for data transfer. The improved technology offered by 4G over 3G can be compared to the High Definition TV features (diffen.com, 2011). 1. Services and application 3G is the abbreviation for 3rd generation which is a standard defined for wireless technology which allows internet browsing over wireless networks. A good example of 3G technology is EV-DO. Next is the 4G technology which is the generic abbreviation for 4th generation wireless technology which has been optimized for data transfer over wireless networks. This method provides improved speed and efficiency of data delivery. LTE technology is an instance of 4G network compatibility. The 3G and 4G networks comprise of a b road range of cellular data tools. 4G offers speed which is ten times quicker hen 3G networks and it is categorized having downstream range between 20 and 10 Mbps (Nadel, 2010). 2. Network architecture The underlying network architecture of 3G mobile network constitutes of a circuit-switched and packet-switched network. The services which are offered by this technology include wireless voice telephone, mobile TV facility, video calls and mobile internet accessibility. The underlying network architecture embedded in this technology is radio interface which is referred to as â€Å"Wideband CDMA (WCDMA), Code Divisions Multiple Access (CDMA), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), 2000, GSM (Global System for Mobile), and some referred to as GAN (Generic Access Method)† (Nadel, 2010). 3. Data throughput CDMA2000 is a technology of 3G network which is largely utilized in North America, The data throughput which is offered by this technology is up to 14Mbits/s which has the ability to p rovide additional features like, supplementary outlets, altered inflection and the associated coding techniques, and an aptitude to recover easily from errors. The WCDMA disparate to CDMA utilizes a series of two up to around five channels. The fourth generation networks are outside the range of 3G technology which is designed at higher data rate that falls between 100Mbps to 1Gbps (netlogix.com, 2009). 4. User perceptions If we compare 3G and 4G networks it is clearly apparent that mostly 4G networks have elevated bandwidth which ranges to approximately 100Mbps. 4G networks are able to support multimedia services contrary to 3G networks. The 3G network is designed to include both circuit switched and packet switched networks. If we consider other functions of the system it can be found that 4G has emerged as a more secured and reliable 3G data transmission technology. Moreover 4G networks are recognized in providing international mobility and network scalability which is why it is widely recognized and accepted (Gobjuka, 2010). 2. Distinguish between the 4G LTE, 4G WiMax, and 4G WiBro networks 1. Download and Upload speeds 4G LTE is considered as the current advancement in the range of GSM broadband arrangement. HSPA is defined to provide uplink speeds of 11.5 Mb/s and downlink speeds having 28 Mb/s, while LTE is designed for working with data speeds in the range of downlink speed of 100 Mb/s and uplink

Opportunities for Raising Productivity in Non-Profit Organisations Essay

Opportunities for Raising Productivity in Non-Profit Organisations - Essay Example Opportunities for productivity improvement in these four spheres have been explained with emphasis on the most viable option that can add substantial value to the organization. Performance management has gained momentum in recent years, probably due to factors such as competition, changing markets and needs of clients. Performance measurement can provide a sense of purpose, motivation and intrinsic satisfaction. Efforts concentrate on the process-oriented level, identification of appropriate performance indicators, managing relationships, raising funds for the organization and so on. Vast improvement in performance management has been experienced with performance reporting and performance measurement methods being introduced. For instance, the Balanced Score Card system in private and non-profit sectors has popularised performance management system in many aspects (Niven, P.R 2003; p.4). Management systems in a non-profit organization include planning, developing, and operating. Members of the Board and staff conduct strategic planning to determine the overall purpose and direction of the organization. This part of the strategic planning will also include the methods to be adopted for the organization to operate, resource planning, and program planning. Programs have to be designed as means to implement the service-oriented strategies such as marketing to identify community needs for the organization to meet and the desired outcomes to meet those needs. This planning provides input to resource planning such as a number of resources required including staff, funds, and people. Resource planning also includes financial management, advertising and promotions, and fundraising (McNamara, C 2005; p.160). I

The Influence Of Postmodern Dance Essay

The Influence Of Postmodern Dance Essay Postmodernism was a late 20th century movement that opposed the Modernist preoccupation with purity of form and technique, and aimed to eradicate the divisions between art, popular culture, and the media. Postmodern artists employed influences from an array of past movements, applying them to modern forms. Postmodernists embraced diversity and rejected the distinction between high and low art. Ignoring genre boundaries, the movement encourages the mix of ideas, medias, and forms to promote parody, humor, and irony. -started 1960s in a church -the word postmodern after modern techniques Graham n Isadora -influced by Cunningham n cage -timely, moving on today Where Modernists tended to believe in the future and reject the past, Postmodernists are more pessimistic and do not see the world necessarily improving in the future. 1960-1970s even though it was short time Postmodernist music includes Philip Glasss minimalist works and John Cages collaborative performances in which he involved the audience. genres like ballet and modernism and develop new styles. The most famous of these pioneers was probably Anna Halprin, who based her choreography on real experiences, not classical works. Her group, the Dancers Workshop, usually avoided traditional technique and often performed outdoors instead of on a conventional stage. Another modern dance pioneer, Robert Dunn, believed that the process of art was more significant than the end product. Merce Cunningham experimented with the relationship between dance and music and created choreography that was unrelated to the music it was accompanied by. What Followed Postmodernism? Postmodern dance was a relatively short-lived movement, but it was a stepping stone to other artistic endeavors. Performance art, a movement featuring theatrical events realized through loosely structured combinations of events, grew out of the collaboration between dance and other art forms. Dancers like Twyla Tharp put their own stamp on postmodern theory and began a return to more structured choreography, making way for the contemporary dance genre of today. Postmodern dance is a 20th century concert dance form. A reaction to the compositional and presentation constraints of modern dance, postmodern dance hailed the use of everyday movement as valid performance art and advocated novel methods of dance composition. Claiming that any movement was dance, and any person was a dancer (with or without training) early postmodern dance was more closely aligned with ideology of modernism rather than the architectural, literary and design movements of postmodernism. However, the postmodern dance movement rapidly developed to embrace the ideology of postmodernism which was reflected in the wide variety of dance works emerging from Judson Dance Theater, the home of postmodern dance.[citation needed] Lasting from the 1960s to the 1970s the main thrust of Postmodern dance was relatively short lived but its legacy lives on in contemporary dance (a blend of modernism and postmodernism) and the rise of postmodernist choreographic processes that have produced a wide range of dance works in varying styles. Postmodern art is a term used to describe an art movement which was thought to be in contradiction to some aspect of modernism, or to have emerged or developed in its aftermath. In general, movements such as Intermedia, Installation art, Conceptual Art and Multimedia, particularly involving video are described as postmodern. The traits associated with the use of the term postmodern in art include bricolage, use of words prominently as the central artistic element, collage, simplification, appropriation, depiction of consumer or popular culture and Performance art.

Only the Good Die Young

Portia Francis Comp & Literature Feb 11, 2013 â€Å"Only the Good Die Young† vs. â€Å"Make Much of Time† The tone in â€Å"Only the Good Die Young† and â€Å"Make Much of Time â€Å"are very different. Both the song and the poem speak of men tempting women to lose their virginity and â€Å"carpe diem† live life to the fullest, â€Å"Make Much of time† has a much softer tone, versus , â€Å"Only the Good Die Young† has a much more aggressive one. In â€Å"Make Much of Time† the writer, although a â€Å"carpe diem† poem takes a much gentler approach to the women he is encouraging.Herrick refers to us, â€Å"Gather ye roses while she may† to show that in the 1500’-1600s women married much earlier and time was of the essence. He uses phrases ,like â€Å" this same flower that blooms today will soon be dying, †and â€Å"when youth and blood are warmer† to support his idea that women should not wait unti l they are older and choose to marry and ultimately give up their virginity. He speaks â€Å"having once lost your prime† to support his tone to women.. Herrick, in my opinion, is encouraging young women to marry before they are too old, which is relatively young but not missing out on the most important thing in their life..He uses words like â€Å" Rosebuds† and â€Å"smiles today† and having â€Å"lost but once your prime† to create a more gentle tone. On the other hand Billy Joel writes a â€Å"more in your face â€Å" carpe diem poem. He sites â€Å"Don’t let me wait, Catholic girls start much too late†. He seems to be putting on the pressure with the young women and pointing the finger to the reasons why. He seems to be more concerned with his personal satisfaction† after speaking of her, â€Å"Brand new soul† and â€Å"Cross of gold† after her confirmation, â€Å"But did she ever say pray for me? To me, this ind icates that he knew his thoughts were lustful and in a round–bout way, he acknowledged his feelings and wanted resolution. The songs title lends to his aggressiveness â€Å" Only the Good Die Young†, because no woman is going to die if she doesn’t give up her virginity. Lastly, the in in the song â€Å" And they say there’s a heaven for those who wait. Some say its better but I say it ain’t. † Seals the deal that he main concern is his own satisfaction and again attempts to inflict the guilt on the young woman who would not immediately please him.

History and Development of Accounting - 2085 Words

Accounting is defined by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) as the art of recording, classifying, and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in part at least, of financial character, and interpreting the results thereof. Accounting is thousands of years old; the earliest accounting records, which date back more than 7,000 years, were found in Mesopotamia (Assyrians). The people of that time relied on primitive accounting methods to record the growth of crops and herds. Accounting evolved, improving over the years and advancing as business advanced. Early accounting records in different parts of the world Token accounting in ancient Mesopotamia The†¦show more content†¦The bulk of the documents relate to the running of a large, private estate is named after Heroninos because he was phrontistes (Koine Greek: manager) of the estate which had a complex and standarised system of accounting which was followed by all its local farm managers Each administrator on each sub-division of the estate drew up his own little accounts, for the day-to-day running of the estate, payment of the workforce, production of crops, the sale of produce, the use of animals, and general expenditure on the staff. This information was then summarized as pieces of papyrus scroll into one big yearly account for each particular sub—division of the estate. Entries were arranged by sector, with cash expenses and gains extrapolated from all the different sectors. 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Impact Of Japanese Animation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6414 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? CHAPTER 1 Definition Different words or terms used in this dissertation might not be clear for those who are not familiar with the anime community so I will briefly explain some of the essential terms which will be in the text. 1.1.1 Anime Anime pronounced à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ah-ne-mayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is an abbreviation of the word animation .It is used to refer all animation, but it turns out that outside of Japan it has been used to refer to all animation made in Japan (Napier, 2001). Over the years Japanese animation has developed a variety of genre and caters to consumers of all ages. These animations are not simply cartoons aimed to entertain children but also have more serious themes consisting of war, death or controversy (G.Hu, 2010). Anime when viewed shows very strong and clear indications of its Japanese roots (Napier, 2001). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Impact Of Japanese Animation" essay for you Create order 1.1.2 Manga Manga pronounced à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mahn-gaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? with a hard à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“gà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? basically means comics in Japanese. Manga can be recognized by the stylized artwork budding from old Japanese art. Regular manga chapters would be in the same physical form of a comic book and because manga is written in Japanese, the comic books are read from right to left opposite to that of western comic books (Brenner, 2007). 1.1.3 Otaku Okada Toshio calls Otakuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“people with a [highly] evolved sense of sightà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(LaMarre, 2009). Otakuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s are mentioned by Azuma (2001) in her book (originally in Japanese, later translated by Jonathan E. Abel) describing them as individuals who in majority are male in gender, and generally between the age of 18 to 40. Otakuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consume, produce and collect Japanese manga and anime obsessively. Their hobby extends to fan merchandise of the anime or manga they watch. Otakuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s had increased in such a vast number over the years that Azuma (2001) in her book mentions that this has become a culture in Japan and this is not only limited to Japan but a strongly influenced popular culture around the globe. 1.1.4 Cosplay As anime took the world by storm Cosplay followed (Poulos, 2006). Poulos (2006) explained in his book that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cosplayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is short for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“costumeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“playà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? a hobby practiced by those who are fans of anime. The main meaning of cosplaying is to dress up as a character either from an anime or a manga they like and join a group of people with the same interests and pose for taking pictures also. Cosplaying is closely associated with the Japanese community who base their Cosplay on anime and manga. 1.1.5 Mecha à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Mecha is short for mechanical and in the context of Japanese popular culture, Mecha is one of the many genres in anime and manga (e.g. Gundam). Anything from an electric shaver to a huge mechanical robot with a pilot inside or even if ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s externally controlled, is mecha. (Poitras, 2001, p. 35) 1.1.6 Fansubs Generally speaking if a fan makes subtitles for a foreign film or programs it is referred to as a fansub. While looking at the term in a narrower definition it limits the practice to fan subtitling of anime (Leonard, 2005). They would often be subtitled by fans who watch the series and then uploaded to the internet thus making it available for everyone and an anime having no translated subtitles and is in its original form would be identified as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“rawsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. 1.1.7 Forum Forums are interactive discussion areas in real time on the internet. The word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“forumsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is used in its plural form because areas of it are divided into several topics. The reason ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s often compared to a bulletin board is that you can post content on forums like using thumbtacks on billboards. This process on forums is called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“postingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Summey, Dawson, 2006). Forums are in this case used by fans that are members of this specific internet site and share their opinions, talk about popular animes or the ones that was released in the past. They have daily updates and provide links to the latest and popular manga or anime. Members can create a profile with personal information and thus have a more personal interaction with users with the same interests, comment on their topics or create new topics (Schodt, 2007). Anime and manga Before proceeding forward it is also important to establish the connection between anime and manga. They both have a rich and distinct, visual story telling. Both world of anime and manga inspire one another and often create titles related to one another (Brenner, 2007). The connection of anime and manga is much closer to that then that between American comic books and animated cartoons. Almost all animes including T.V series that are aired on different channels or those available on dvds, Original Video Animations (OVA) and theatrical features are mostly based on the manga that is published (Patten, 2004). 1.1.9 ShÃ…?nen/ShÃ…?jo ShÃ…?nen and ShÃ…?jo both are terms used for anime and manga for either the male gender or the female. ShÃ…?nen can be used for those animes or mangas targeted towards teenage boys. For example most ShÃ…?nen mangas made by Osamu Tezuka were dark and in some places he drew scenes of cannibalism. On the other hand ShÃ…?jo the term used for those anime or manga targeted towards younger girls would usually contain feminine traits in them. There are also terms implied on older men and women. Seinen is used for men while Josei is used for women (Power, 2009). 1.3 Background of Anime One of the first Japanese animations or anime was known to have been screened in 1917. All the animes made during this period of time were made with same animation techniques that were used by the rest of the world. Stories were mostly fairytales of both western and Japanese origin mainly because artists were restricted from producing animes with any hint of propaganda and other sensitive issues (Poitras, 2001, p. 16). According to Hu (2010), Japanese animation or anime significantly evolved during the end of World War II. Drazen (2003) states in his book that animation genres soon after were controversial, depicting stories that would show hardships that people came across during the war. One example is an anime by Isao Takahata called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Grave of the firefliesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, a story based on two children who starved to death near the end of the war. The war made an impact on the initial genre and depicted war in the animations, and some of the changes were so drastic, to the extent that they would either be about fictional battles in Japan or a battle with connection to earth; sometimes maybe in a whole other universe but humans being one of the species in the stories (Drazen, 2003). After the 1940à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s even most of the domestic films were animated films based on mangas. In the 1950à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s anime started to evolve by adaptation which started with Toei Animation. Toei animation is a famous animation studio owned by Toei Co. Ltd and its headquarters established in Tokyo, Japan. They did not stick to the genre of military and battle for long, it was then in the 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s when anime started to generate a vast popularity and various new genre were also introduced. A number of famous titles came to surface which catered to a large variety of age groups. Some famous titles during that time mentioned by Patten (2004, p. 76) are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Lupin IIIà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Speed racerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Yamatoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? which are run on some channels even now (these titles are mentioned because they became well known in America simultaneously). Another anime mentioned by Drazen (2003) which made its historic debut was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Mighty Atomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? better known as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Astroboyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This anime character was considered the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mickey Mouseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of Japan, his name was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“atomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? but it was locally pronounced à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“atomuà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Though the 1970à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s were not very productive, they did make some good animes in the genre of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mechaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Amongst them one was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Gatchamanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (later changed to G-force when it was aired in America). Another anime premiered during this period was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Gundamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? which again came under the genre of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“mechaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? this manga was new as it contained a lot newer elements, some of which included climatic robot battles or robots combing to form another machine (Poitras, 2001, p. 20). During the 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, was the time when anime bloomed into the world, which was known as the Golden Age of Anime. Famous Animes came to surface, which are considered to be some of the best animes of all time. There are a number of famous animes that could be mentioned but some of the more famous ones are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Robotechà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Patten (2004, p. 76) mentions in his book that the creators of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Robotechà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Carl Macek and Jerry Beck of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Harmony gold USAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Tatsunoko Production Co., Ltdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? of Japan played a huge role in not only making a successful anime but also helped in the development of an even larger American audience. Famous animes such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Akiraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? also played a key role in elevating anime in the world, with higher standards of storytelling and animation. This anime as Napier (2001) writes, had identity, structure, apocalypse a very good combination and t hese key ingredients enabled it to become number one at the box office in Japan. In fact the anime also beat the sci-fi hit Star Wars: Return of the Jedi during the time. Later on in 1995, the anime à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Ghost in the shellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? was released and was called the true cyberpunk film. This anime was given full dedication as plans were to air on the big screen after completion. Released by the same studio as Akira, this helped maintain the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reputation as well. In 1997 when Pokemon was released, it spread to the western states. Pokemon dominated the TV channels during the earlier years of the 21st century. Pokemon changed its name many time over the years and also gained japans à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“second largest domestic box office for an animated filmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? after the release of the new title Pokemon The Movie: Mew Vs. Mew-two. In the later years many other famous titles emerged such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Full metal Alchemistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? which became a fan favorite during its time. As well as other animated films, Princess Mononoke being one of them, is an adaptation of an old Japanese folk tale turned into an anime . Princess Mononoke made a huge impact in both Japan and America. This also motivated actress Minnie Driver and actor Gillian Anderson to voice for characters in the English dubbing. Over the past years, anime has progressed radically, showing a very bright future for Japanese animation in the new century ahead as it creates a haven everywhere for its fans (Boyd Nishimura, 2004). 1.4 Impact of Japanese Animation Japanese animation has left a huge impact on those who have been exposed to it. Many agree with the fact that anime has affected them in a way which motivated them to change themselves. Some changes may include people taking up Japanese as a second language, take a liking to the Japanese cuisine, exploring a different culture and also meeting different people. Napier (2001) in her book looks at Japanese animation and how it has affected the west, America in particular. With the exposure of Japanese animation into America, there have been huge numbers of groups that have emerged. Japanese animations as mentioned before have a vast genre, which enables it to cater to a larger audience. Although Japanese Animations may have left some positive impacts on fans in America, some think otherwise. Jenkins (1992) mentions in his book about media fans and quotes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is derived of the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Fanaticà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, which has its roots in th e Latin word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fanaticusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? The word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fanaticusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? as Jenkins (1992) wrote in his book was referring to the meaning à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“off or belonging to the temple, a temple servant, a devoteeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. This lead to many negative implication of the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The main message which Jenkins wanted to put through was contradicting Napier (2001) point of view. People were getting too absorbed. They say fans often become anti-social and absorbed. He also concluded that it sometimes may not be the case as some media fans that he refers to in his book as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Textual poachersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? are fans who look at distinct dimensions and are often helpful in giving intellectual feed back to producers. There have also been many speculations whether Japanese animations have stolen ideas from America or not, some assumptions were made by viewing the themes of Japanese animations (Napier 2001). There may be some minor similarities or influence of Hollywood in Japanese anime, but if one views any Japanese animation it can easily be concluded that this not true. Japanese animations are very distinct and have strong Japanese elements such as, mannerism of characters, the narrative structure and social values. Making it irrelevant to think anime or Japanese animations may be a stolen form (Napier, 2001). CHAPTER 2 2.1 Anime in America During the 1940à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s anime was more focused towards younger audience, but thatà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s what artists claimed, some of these were censored and often restricted because of propaganda. An example was like the anime à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Momotaro no Umiwashià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? released in 1943. Endearing animals were engaged in battle with fleets of battle ships with Americans, reason for this being restricted in some places was because this was a sensitive issue after the Pearl Harbor incident. The biggest indication that this was a propagandistic work was because this was funded by the Ministry of Navy. Such animations obviously did not help gain viewers; on the other hand, progress was made with the animation techniques. (Poitras, 2001). In the 1950à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, anime managed to recover and prosper due to the fact that is was able to obtain capital and resources easily. It was then in the 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s when anime as we know these days started to be released to the audience. One of the most famous manga artists à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Osumu Tezukaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? founded the studio à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mishi Productionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. They released their first animated title à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Aru Machikadono no Mongatarià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Translated: The story of a Street Corner). ). Due to the advancement and the increase of television viewers the potential market of anime increased. It was in 1963 when à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Mishi Productionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? began airing its first TV anime à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ Tetsuwan Atomà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and soon after it was broadcasted by NBC in America. It was redubbed and its title was changed to a more localized name which later on turned world famous à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“AstroBoyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Poitras, 2001) . Osamu Tezukaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s famous series à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Astro boyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? was released to the American audience around the same time as its introduction to its Japanese viewers (Clements McCarthy, 2006). Ladd Deneroff (2009) mentioned in their book, the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Anime Tsunamià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? which fits what happened during these years of animesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ rise in America. Along with some other titles such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“voltronà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“speed Racerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Anime started to emerge on an even larger scale during the period when à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Robotechà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? was aired which was around the 1980à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s (Patten, 2004). Some may even say it was a stepping stone for anime in the Western market. It started off around the year of 1985 when it was aired as a TV series by à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Harmony Goldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and ending up to be a huge success, they released more episodes with a total of 65 episodes (Clements McCar th, 2006). During this time anime was well on its way to being a huge part of the marketing decisions being made by the U.S, reason being the serious number of growth of fans. Some video store chains were known to supply redubbed versions of anime because of the increasing number of viewers (Poitras, 2001). Demographics: Anime has catered to a diverse range of age groups. From 1963 to 1968 famous animes such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Astro boyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Speed Racerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? were genre of anime clearly targeted towards a younger audience, that was alongside the famous American made cartoon à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Transformersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The development of anime as an industry and as a fandom has been extraordinary, but it hasnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t been smooth sailing. San Diegoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Comic Con which was first held in 1970 starting off with just 300 people and in 2004 the number of people recorded were between 75,000 to 87,000. This goes to show the ever increasing fandom for anime (Brown, 2008). Susan J. Napier (2001) writes in her book that amongst the places in America that gave a surprise was an anime club in the University of Texas which had about 300 members. Not all the members were students, majority of the members were from outside the university and only 39.7 percent of tho se members were students. Austin, Texas was known for its high-tech industry and also for the majority of the locals who were engaged in computer programming. Thus the majority of the fans were engaged in anime very naturally because of their jobs. New York was not to far off, the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Big Appleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? was known to have a large number of respondents as well. The platform anime is viewed on has changed drastically through the years by both technological and economical influences. Amongst the mediums it was television that started things off in the earlier years around the 1960à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s. In the later years as technology progressed and the arrival of home video players and Video Cassette Recorders (VCR) enabled producers to reach a whole new audience. Before these advancements the only mediums anime could be viewed on were theaters. It was then in the 1990à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s when the use of Satellite/cable was becoming more common. This was not only a way to reach a bigger audience but also cost effective for the studios which aired the shows, as only one copy of the show was required for it to be aired (Clements and McCarthy, 2006). During these years as the growth of anime had been phenomenal, so had the growth of fans. Conventions were taking place all over America, universities being the main locations for the events. More and more fans lead to more channels on television dedicated to anime. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Adult Swimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? being one of those channels which aired some famous animes like, Schinchiro Watanabeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Cowboy Bebopà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or Masashi Ikedaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Inuyashaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Clements and McCarthy, 2006). The most effective source of anime which had a major role in the growth in anime fandom was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Internetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The internet allowed fans to have access to anime at their convenience, only a click away (Napier, 2001). Websites such as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“animetakeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? ( https://www.animetake.com ) are typical websites which have almost everything an anime fan needs, from free anime fan subbed episodes to forums where they can converse with other anime fans. There were some problems which came to surface which concerned legal issues. An example is of subgroups, Brown (2001) mentioned in his book about anime being translated by anime fans for anime fans. This started off mainly because some genres that were favored by a minority and not subbed because they were not popular, mainly à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ShÃ…?joà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Genre aimed at teenage girls). Later on as many others started to fansub famous animes, the produces took this on as an advantage to see how the anime will fair in the American market. As this became a hot topic and discussions of the ethics of making fansubs were brought into question there were still those who may have wanted to profit from this, but there was a majority in groups of fansubbers who made clear their principle of not profiting from these copyright violation and making it available for fans at the same cost (Brown, 2001). There were often assumptions about fans being too absorbed into anime. Brown(2001) writes about people who make fansubs for other anime fans and also mentioning a couple who owned Tomodachi Anime Group based in America which is now obsolete, losting an estimate of 10,000 $ pursuing their passion. Does this make them fans or Fanatics? Jenkins (1992) who writes in his book about fans and questioning whether they are fans or fanatics? As some of these individuals practically lock themselves up in their basement and get out of sync with reality or become socially maladjusted. 2.2 Globalization and culture A survey conducted by Held and McGrew (2000: 3) declared that: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“no singe universally accepted definition of globalization existsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Kearney (1995) says it is social relations that form a connection with other areas across the world which cause changes in local areas because of the events taking place elsewhere and vice versa. Steger (2010) writes that globalization has been traced back in history but was only until recently the public realize the process of globalization. Throughout the years many definitions have been brought forward. One of them by Giddens (1990) defined globalization as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“As the intensification of the world-wide social relation, which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (1990, p. 64) There are Scholars who believe consequences from globalization are complex forms of interaction and interdependency (Rantanen, 2005). Rantanen (2005) wrote in his book saying Thompson (1995) focused more on media and culture and also had similar views as Giddens (1990). Thompson (1995) mentioned à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Globalizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦refers to the growing interconnections of different parts of the world, a process which gives rise to complex forms of interaction and interdependenciesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (1995, p. 149). Waters (1995) and Robertson (1992) were amongst those who would stress that globalization was experienced through the consciousness, which in other words meant people would experience globalization through their own awareness instead of social relations. Waters (1995) states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“globalization is a social process in which the constraints of geography on social and cultural arrangements recede and in which people become increasingly aware that they are recedingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (1995, p. 3). Rantanen (2005) writes in his book that globalization according to theorists is not possible without Media and communication. Along with the progression of globalization the lives of many in Asia and North America have enhanced. Despite the assumptions by media theorists and scholars, universally there is no concrete explanation to define globalization. To conclude the term globalization, this term does not have any solid foundation, because it could mean otherwise depending on the environment. On the other had there are those who are skeptics like Hirst and Thompson (1999) who in their book write about how the possibilities of controlling international economy is hopeless. 2.2.1 Hetrogenization/Homogenization Many Scholars conclude that globalization may result either to heterogenization or homogenization. Mooney and Evans (2007) write in their book about homogenization, saying it basically means things becoming one. There are many environments that could be effected such as political, cultural practices, languages, consumer products, ideologies, media, and all forms of entertainment. There are many mediums and sources which made this possible, internet being one of the most effective. Many scholars who defined globalization would sometimes imply homogenization. Amongst those scholars one was Albrow (1990). In his work he came to the conclusion that the whole population of the world is incorporated as one massive society. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Globalization Refers to all those processes by which the people of the world are incorporated into a single world society, global societyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Albrow, 1990, p 45). Although Albrow (1990) defined globalization as being homogenized, but there are th eorists who contested his views. Lull (2000, p 233) differs that globalization would lead to heterogenization. He believes that no matter what medium it may be, even if its modern technology, with its efficiency to reach a mass audience, it in no way has influenced the population into becoming a single community and it never will (Rantanen, 2005). Rantanen (2005) mentions in his book, people amongst those who criticize heterogenization often object to the strength that is being given to the general public; disregarding the global mediaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic power. Neglecting that the large media firmà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s location is in the U.S. and lastly ignoring the fact that there is discrepancy in portions of the audienceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s access to the media. 2.3 Cultural Imperialism: Anheier and Isar (2007) argue that cultural imperialism is spread through powerful, influential countries that have a strong culture. Anheier and Isar (2007) refer to these areas as core of the world culture systems and then those countries that are poor and are less developed eventually end up absorbing from those that are core of the world culture system. Cultural imperialism is categorized as being homogeneous in the theory brought forward by the writers about cultural imperialism assumes this process as homogeneous. Reason being the mass audience who are exposed to these cultures accept and absorb the other culture of other countries which are mentioned in the book as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“core of the world cultural systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? almost instinctively (Anheier and Isar, 2007). In support, Fejes (1981) assessment in which he, after evaluation of a specific area turned to the issue of media imperialism and its effects on cultures, saying it causes change to the third world countr ies cultures. From what Fejes (1981) mentioned, we can gather that the media worldwide which are owned by the dominant countries control what the audiences watch. All Shows, News, Advertisements aired by those media groups who dominate, drastically alters most cultural ideals of the third world countries by the output which is hugely generic to the dominant, may it be superiority economically (Tomlinson, 2001) or, as Anheier and Isar(2007) mentioned , those who are à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“core of the Cultural systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Hesmondhalgh and Toynbee (2008) write in their book about the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“WTO (World Trade Organization)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Treaty and taking out one of the 28 agreements from 1994 which was à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“TRIPS (Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Some of the countries that were members had to eventually change laws or practices as it was necessary to follow the rules or principles of the organization. The agreement of à ¢Ã¢ ‚ ¬Ã…“TRIPSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? state these steps as necessary for artists in countries who wish to protect their work or their creativity from misuse. In compliance with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“TRIPSà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, some countries may have to make major changes in some of their countries polices. Hesmondhalgh and Toynbee (2008) state these developments can be taken as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“imperialism in the form of cultureà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. However, Sparks (2007) debates aside from the fact that cultural imperialism is used for academic purposes but when it comes to politics, there are problems that arise. Pendakaur (1990, p 167) wrote about a group of workers and some small capitalists who had the aim to gain the national control of the Canadian cinema. On the other hand there were the eminent capitalists who were the current owners of the national theatre chains. They wanted to maintain their current standings and keep in control of their current position (Sparks, 2007). What Pendakaur explains what Sparks mentions in his book about those who are dominant. Though these dominant entities might want to gain control, the majority would desire to maintain the current environment as it is (Sparks, 2007). Then there is also the term à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“reverse flowà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? which Barker (1997) mentions in his book. Among the examples were about reggae music, ethnic food and clothing the acceptance of other cultures in the we stern countries and making an impact on their culture (Barker, 1997). Chapter 3: Case Study To evaluate how anime or Japanese animations were perceived by the west specifically America we look at the Anime Robotech which in 1984 was called Macross. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the Robotech phenomenon is a curious hybrid of Japanese animation and American ambitionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?(Clements and McCarthy, 2006). Released in 1985 by the studio Harmony Gold USA and Tatsunoko Production an animated film studio based in Tokyo, Japan. This anime was adapted from three separate Mecha Japanese animes namely Macross, Southern Cross, and Mospeada, reasons being that inorder to be broadcasted they had to have a minimum of 65 episode , thus Harmony Gold formed a co-licensing agreement with these three animes. The brainchild behind the story of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Robotechà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? was the writer Carl Macek. Macek edited almost all of the content and changed the dialogue to get the anime tailored to the story of Robotech. The names of some of the characters in Robotech were also altered to appeal to the Ame rican and international audience, including the name of the protagonist who in America he was named à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Rick Hunterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? while in Japan he was called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Hikaru Ichijoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The Basic storyline of the anime Robotech is based in the year 1999. A giant Alien Battle Cruiser crashes on earth which enables the entire human race to unite and work together in case a scenario where the aliens come to retrieve their ship should arise. Ten Years later, reconstruction of the battle spaceship now named the SDF-1 was still underway when the aliens named the Zentraedi invade earth to retrieve their ship. In an attempt to save earth, the SDF-1 fires the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Spacefold Driveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? an untested weapon which transports them into deep space, there the prolonged battle against the Zentraedi takes place. Rick Hunter is the main character of the anime who has a complex relationship with two main female characters, the ships officer Lisa Hayes and a singer Lynn Minmay. Events lead to many tragedies and loss of many main characters (Clements and McCarthy, 2006). robotech.jpg Fig.1 15 years later Rick Hunter along with the SDF-3 carry on their voyage in space but the story changes with the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Robotech masters sagaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? as they set off in search of the world of Robotech masters. The Robotech masters on the other hand are well on their way towards earth, were they attack in search of their à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“protoculture factoryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The main character of the story is Dana Sterling who is the offspring of the first interspecies marriage. She along with her comrades try to save earth, but eventually a man on the opposing side having unclear motives destroys his own culture to save them (Clements and McCarthy, 2006). robotech2.jpg Fig.2 The story continues after this second Robotech war and before the third season. Aliens known as the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Invidà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? conquer earth but the inhabitants are too worn out from the battles to fight back. A generation later the main character named à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Scott Bernardà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? with his reinforcements tries to liberate earth. All seems lost when eventually they manage to come into contact with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Admiral Rick Hunterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and with his space fleet, giving earth a ray of hope (Clements and McCarthy, 2006). robotech13.jpg F Looking at Robotech and its penetration into America, Robotech as mention by Clements and McCarthy (2006) is an American and Japanese hybrid. Macross was brought to the U.S in 1984 then later on released as Robotech in 1985, the name was also changed to Robotech in the same year. Robotech was made from three purely Japanese animes namely Macros, Southern Cross, and Mospeada. These animes were co-licensed by Harmony Gold and then were completely re-edited. The stories and dialogues were completely changed by Carl Macek. There were subtle name change for some characters but there were also some dramatic changes to some of the other names, for example Miss Hayase was changed to Lisa Hayes and the name of the protagonist was also changed from Hikaru Ichijo to Rick Hunter, mainly to appeal to the American and international markets. All these changes made by Harmony Gold show clear signs of cultural imperialism. They took pure Japanese anime, completely changed the story by an American wri ter. There were often arguments about how anime after penetrating America started to spread the Japanese culture and colonize America. One of the reasons is, anime having strong Japanese cultural content. But looking at Robotech, how Harmony Gold took Japanese anime and made it their own, we can clearly see, that is not the case here (Lau, 2003). Another example can be of the famous Anime Mach Go Go Go, originally released in Japan and aired on American TV in 1967 as Speed Racer. It was considerably changed as the writer Peter Fernandez was given the job of toning down the Japanese version to an American version. They started off by changing the name to Speed Racer. They made a point to remove any type of violence or deaths of villains by making revolving stars around their heads to make it more humorous. They changed the names for the characters as well, changing the name of the protagonist Go Mifune to Speed (Clements and McCarthy, 2006). There were major changes made to the anime as they came to America, but in no way had this influenced the anime industry in any major way (Brown, 2008). Speed Racer Mach Go Go Go Hardcover Box Set.jpg speed_racer.jpg On the other hand there are those who would say anime is an example of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cultural imperialism in reverseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Newitz, ). There were talks about how anime made the American fans dependent or disempowered and being totally entranced in the world of anime. It is often mentioned that anime protagonistà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cross gender lines. An example of the speculations made on the anime Renma  ½ , an anime in which the protagonist would change into a girl after being exposed to cold water. It was a known fact that majority of the audience of anime was male in America, thus this would cause a serious issue of gender identity especially masculine identity, women in anime would often be shown as being overpowering over the male gender as well. 0001208(1).jpg Many anime before being aired in America were changed or edited considerably to cater to the local audience, this on the other hand had a reverse effect as mentioned by Newits(). The animated cartoon Avatar: The Last Airbender was produced by a purely American production company Nickelodeon Animation which was aired in 2005. The genre of the anime comes in action, adventure, fantasy, comedy, drama and many more. The story revolves around the protagonist Aang who must defeat the Fire Lord in order to save the world and end a destructive war. There are four nations who control the four elements Fire, wind, water and earth. Aang is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?Avatarà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? who is able to control all the four elements and is born once every hundred years. The cartoon utilized a lot of anime attributes and incorporates different types of fighting styles throughout the cartoon. The basic drawing of the cartoon gives clear indications of influence of anime. The Characters themselves are dressed wh at look like altered samurai clothing. The detail of the way characters eat or drink their green tea and even sleep give a clear indication of the Japanese culture. The facial expressions of the characters, the iconic anime eyes are clear giveaway of adaptation of Japanese animation. This anime clearly shows à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cultural imperialism in reverseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? as mentioned by Newitz (). avatar_the_last_airbender.jpg avatar-the-last-airbender.gif avatar-the-last-airbender_480x270.jpg After Anime penetrated the western market it made a massive impact and influenced the audience on a whole new level. Most animes have a strong connection to the Japanese culture which also lead viewers to take more interest into cultures from other nations. Amongst the influential traits that anime has one of them is art. Research has been conducted of many anime fans to ask what their views on anime. Participants who were asked responded, anime enabled them to learn about the Japanese culture in fact during the process they took up Japanese as a language. The process also helped many in the community to make new friends, travel to different cities and even had some develop a taste for Japanese cuisine (Napier, 2001). Spread of Japanese anime also spiked the interest of mergers, partnerships and even media corporations. Many often would praise the animation difference between an anime and an American cartoon. Anime has influenced Hollywood as well, the famous movie The Matrix (1999) was based on the anime film Ghost in the Shell (1995). Speed racer (2008) is also another example of these developments. Animes skyrocketing progress in America allowed anime to have a cable channel dedicated to showing anime 24/7 directly from Japan for the American audience. There were also a dozen other channels broadcasting anime titles. Anime also had a major effect on American films as it influenced their visual style (Dà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢Anieri, 2009). Disney in 1996 made a deal with japans famous animation studio, Studio Ghibli, to distribute its products in the west, specifically America and Canada (Napier, 2001). Some who find anime art interesting like directors would adopt ideas and implement them into the videoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s they make. Anime has achieved popularity to such an extent that they had toy give away of PokÃÆ' ©mon in Kentucky Fried Chicken. Even though anime has been very influential in the western world and has made a huge impact on its audience, maki ng them take interest in other cultures, like eating sushi. But are they really being brainwashed? Is anime influencing the audience? Most fans hardly ever approach the Japanese source of their media. Unlike other American fans of native series or shows, they hardly ever bother to collaborate with the directors or writers to resist cancelation of a show they like. A few comments of anger are almost about all they would do. But the fact of the matter is this, reality is much more complicated. Although anime has a strong connection with Japanese culture, being a fan of anime in no way changes the character, personality or culture of its fans. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Neither a complete resistance to rejoice about nor a complete loss of identity to despair about, but a complex contradiction of both continuity and changeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Straubhaar, 2007) On the other hand there are those who believe that anime leads to homogenization, fans become too obsessed. As previously mentioned in chapter 1, Jenkins (1992) writes in his book the word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“fanaticusà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? which meant belonging to the temple or being a devotee. Jenkins (1992) argues saying fans become too obsessed, they become mindless consumers who would buy almost about anything associated to the program or its cast. Dedicate themselves in acquire knowledge with no worth to anyone. They are often so engrossed into their own world and are not able to separate fantasy from reality. Because they hardly ever socialize with anyone outside their own community they become social misfits, so possessed by their favorite show it barricades them from other social experiences resulting in them acting childish and are often emotionally and intellectually immature. Jenkins (1992) also motioned, fans with their close commitment cause them to become desexualized. There were ma ny fans who were too engrossed in the world of anime and couldnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t make any friends as they had no social skills. They had a hard time to communicate with anyone out of their social circle. Because anime was available at the luxury of their own house, many would avoid going out. Occasions for which they would look forward to would mostly be events hosted by people of the same community. All the negativity from individuals who looked down them, led them to being only dependent on those in the same social circle. They started to substitute the people from their community as their family. These communities would treat them as one of their own and make them feel that they were actually a family. They would often spend weekends together where they would sleep, eat, party, talk and watch anime. These activities themselves created a family feeling between them, a family that did not judge them for what they would do in their spare time or what they spend their money on. Thu s making them fanaticize as if every this in their world was perfect (Napier, 2001)